Process for the production of shaped cellulose articles

ABSTRACT

A method of manufacturing a cellulose-based shaped article. The method comprises subjecting a solution of lignocellulosic material, dissolved in a distillable ionic liquid, to a spinning method, wherein the ionic liquid is a diazabicyclononene (DBN)-based ionic liquid. DBN-based ionic liquids have good dissolution power, high thermal and chemical stability, lack runaway reactions and exhibit low energy consumption, due to low spinning temperatures. The shaped cellulose articles can be used as textile fibres, high-end non-woven fibres, technical fibres, films for packaging, and barriers films in batteries, as membranes and as carbon-fibre precursors.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the production of shaped articles. Moreparticularly, the present invention concerns a method of manufacturingcellulose-based shaped articles according to the preamble of claim 1.The invention concerns also the cellulose-based shaped articles andtheir use. Still further this invention concerns a solution of alignocellulosic material dissolved in a distillable ionic liquid asdefined in the preamble of claim 21.

BACKGROUND

The market for cellulose products is buoyant, with increasing demand forfibres in Asia. The textile market contains both conventional clothing(apparel) textiles as well as the more and more important technicaltextiles, which are used principally for their performance or functionalcharacteristics rather than for their aesthetics, or are used fornon-consumer (i.e. industrial) applications. Clothing textile market ispredominantly (80%) based on cotton or polyester raw material use, bothhaving questionable effects on environment.

Production of cotton requires a lot of water, artificial fertilizers andpesticides. Despite the un-sustainability of cotton, the productproperties are appreciated by consumers as they have a good feeling tothe touch (“close-to-skin-feel-good”).

The consumption of technical textiles is growing four times faster thanfor clothing, in terms of both value and volume. The market value fortechnical textiles reached a global turnover of 100 billion € in 2011and is increasing rapidly, especially in Asia. Out of this only 6% isviscose, or other wood-based cellulosics. Between 1995 and 2005, theworld's consumption of technical textiles has grown by 41%. Roughly onefourth of the raw material used in technical textiles is natural basedfibres (cotton, wood pulp), representing 3.8 million tons in the year2005. The global market for non-wovens was 7.05 million tonscorresponding to a market value of about 19.8 billion euros in 2010,with an estimated increase to 10 million tons by 2016. The averagegrowth (2010-2015) for all nonwovens and sustainable nonwovens is 8.5%and 12.7%, respectively, but in certain sectors the growth can exceed25% p.a. The growth is expected to be further accelerated by theenhanced properties of sustainable materials. The main market segmentsin terms of volume for nonwovens are hygiene (31.8%), construction(18.5%), wipes (15.4%) and filtration (4.0%).

Currently, approximately three quarters of the global production ofman-made cellulosic fibres are based on the Viscose process.(1) From anenvironmental point of view, however, it is questionable whether theViscose technique should be further promoted. The utilization of largeamounts of CS₂ and caustic results in hazardous by-products, such assulphur oxides, sulfides and other gases, with reduced sulphur, whichmay cause severe stress for the environment. Further, a substantialamount of sodium sulphate, generated through the neutralization ofsulphuric acid, by sodium hydroxide, is present in the waste water.

Alternatively, the so-called Lyocell process can convert pulps, bydirect dissolution in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) monohydrate,into value-added products. The first patents on the manufacture ofLyocell fibres were filed by American Enka/Akzona Inc (U.S. Pat. No.4,246,221), later by Courtaulds and Lenzing AG (EP 0 490 870, EP 0 490870). The wood-pulp is dissolved in a solution of hot NMMO monohydrateand in contrast to the Viscose process, the spinning dope is notextruded directly into the coagulation medium (wet spinning) but passesan air gap and remains as a liquid filament for a short period of time.By drawing the fibre, before and in the coagulation zone, thecharacteristic high tensile strength of Lyocell fibres are gained,which—unlike Viscose fibres—remains high even under wet conditions (2).

However, the versatility of the Lyocell process is limited by certainintrinsic properties of NMMO resulting from its peculiar structure. TheN—O moiety impedes the implementation of redox-active agents whereas thecyclic ether structure is prone to so called thermal runaway reactions(potentially also due to the N-oxide functionality) necessitatingappropriate stabilizers (3, 4).

Ionic liquids could offer a possibility to bypass these problems (5).

WO 03/029329 A2 claims the dissolution and possibility of regenerationof cellulose in a variety of ionic liquids. DE 102005017715 A1 and WO2006/108861 A2, and WO 2011/161326 A2 describe the dissolution ofcellulose in various ionic liquids and mixtures of them with aminebases, respectively. In WO 2007/101812 A1 the intentional homogeneousdegradation of cellulose in ionic liquids is demonstrated. Detailsconcerning the fibre spinning from ionic liquid solutions can be foundin DE 102004031025 B3, WO 2007/128268 A2, and WO 2009/118262 A1.

The solvents described in the cited patent documents are mainlyimidazolium-based halides and carboxylates. Halides are characterized bya pronounced corrosiveness towards metal processing equipment, whereascarboxylates, and in particular 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate,show inferior viscoelastic properties for fibre spinning.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved methodfor the manufacture of cellulose-based shaped articles, especiallyfibres and films, where the lignocellulosic raw material, typically achemical pulp, dissolves rapidly in the solvent, and where the solutioneasily can be spun to articles by a spinning method, such as an air-gapspinning, a wet spinning or a dry-jet spinning method.

Another object is to achieve fibres which have strength propertiescomparable to or even better than commercial fibres.

Another object is particularly to provide a method where the spinningcan be carried out at a relatively low temperature, i.e. at 100° C. orbelow, although the spinning dope is solid or highly viscous at roomtemperature.

A further object is to achieve a spinning dope (spinning solution) whichis stable and easy to handle and store at room temperature.

A further object is to provide a method with negligible degradation ofthe polysaccharides in the lignocellulosic raw material and withnegligible water pollution due to degradation products, especiallynegligible COD.

A further object is till to provide in which also lignin can be used asraw material in addition to the lignocellulosic raw material and therebyreduce the costs.

Solution to Problem

The present invention concerns a method for the manufacture of acellulose-based shaped article, such as a fibre or a film, by subjectinga solution comprising a lignocellulosic material dissolved in adistillable ionic liquid to a spinning method, particularly an air-gapspinning, wet spinning, or dry-jet wet spinning method. According tothis invention, the ionic liquid is a diazabicyclononene (DBN) basedionic liquid.

In further aspects, the invention concerns a shaped cellulose-basedarticle, preferably a fibre or film according to claim 19; the use ofthe products as defined in claim 20, and a solution comprising alignocellulosic material dissolved in a distillable ionic liquid,suitable for use in a method for the manufacture of a cellulose-basedshaped article as defined in claim 21.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The method according to the present invention offers many advantagesover known technique. The present solvents have a capability to dissolvethe raw-material, such as wood pulp, fast. In some embodiments, theresulting solutions are solid or depict high viscosity at lowtemperature but relatively low viscosity at moderately elevatedtemperatures (up to 100° C.) and, thus, perform well in fibre spinning.

Compared to the NMMO-based Lyocell process: the DBN-based ionic liquidsshow better dissolution power, higher thermal and chemical stability,lacking runaway reactions and lower energy consumption due to lowerspinning temperature. Compared to other known ionic liquids, inparticular to those who have no halides as anions to avoid corrosion:more suitable viscoelastic properties to ensure high spinning stability,high dissolution power and recyclability through vacuum distillation.

A further advantage is the use of a stable solvent (compared to NMMO)which allows a stable spinning process for the manufacture of highlycompetitive fibre properties equal and superior to cotton and equal toNMMO-based Lyocell fibres.

Further advantages will appear from the following description ofembodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a comparison of rheological key parameters of NMMO and[DBNH][OAc] cellulose solutions;

FIG. 2 shows the properties of [DBNH][OAc] spun fibres as function ofdraw for a 13 wt-% solution of Bahia pulp in [DBNH][OAc];

FIG. 3 shows the tenacity for [DBNH][OAc] spun fibres as function ofelongation for a 13 wt-% solution of Bahia pulp in [DBNH][OAc];

FIG. 4 shows the properties of [DBNH][OAc] spun fibres and NMMOxH₂O spunfibres as function of draw for a 13 wt-% solution of Bahia pulp in[DBNH][OAc] or NMMOxH₂O;

FIG. 5 shows the tenacity for [DBNH][OAc] spun fibres or NMMOxH₂O spunfibres as function of elongation for a 13 wt-% solution of Bahia pulp in[DBNH][OAc] or NMMOxH₂O;

FIG. 6 shows the tenacity for [DBNH][OAc] spun fibres and commercialcellulose fibres as function of elongation;

FIG. 7 shows the molar mass distribution (SEC-MALLS) for the pulp, thedope and the fibre;

FIG. 8 shows the molar mass distribution for Kraft lignin, eucalyptuspre-hydrolysis kraft (Euca-PHK) and a blend of 15 wt-% soda-AQ ligninwith 85 wt-% Euca-PHK;

FIG. 9 shows the fibre tenacity as function of fibre fineness for purecellulose, and blends of 15 wt-% resp. 20 wt-% soda AQ lignin withEuca-PHK pulp;

FIGS. 10A and 10B show draw ratio vs. fibre properties for the fibresaccording to the present invention (AALTO fibre) and NMMO fibres;

FIG. 11 shows stress-starin curves of regenerated cellulose fibres; and

FIGS. 12A and 12B show the effect of pulp source on fibre properties.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The use of DBN-based ionic liquids as solvents for lignocellulosicmaterial for spinning dopes has not been described earlier. Thesesolvents are characterized by their ability to dissolve the wood pulprapidly. The resulting solutions are solid or have high viscosity at lowtemperatures but relatively low viscosity at moderately elevatedtemperatures (≤100° C.) and, thus, perform very well in fibre spinning.

According to a preferred embodiment, the DBN-based ionic liquidcomprises a DBN-based cation with a residue R, which is selected fromthe group consisting of linear or branched alkyl, typically C₁-C₆ alkyl,alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, aryl and hydrogen, and an anion that imparts a highbasicity, in terms of the Kamlet-Taft beta (β) parameter.

Preferably, the DBN-based ionic liquid comprises a1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium cation of the formula (I)

wherein

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear andbranched C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl and C₆₋₁₈ arylgroups, which optionally are substituted with one or more substituentsselected from hydroxy and halogen,

and

an anion selected from halides, such as fluoride, chloride, bromide andiodide;

pseudohalides, such as cyanide, thiocyanide, and cyanate; a carboxylate,preferably formate, acetate, propionate, or butyrate; an alkyl sulphite,an alkyl sulphate, a dialkyl phosphite, a dialkyl phosphate, a dialkylphosphonites, and a dialkyl phosphonate.

More preferably, the DBN-based ionic liquid has a1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium cation of formula (I) above, where R₁is H, and the anion is a carboxylate anion, preferably formate, acetate,propionate or butyrate.

The most preferred DBN-based ionic liquids are [DBNH][CO₂Et] and[DBNH][OAc].

The lignocellulosic material is typically a chemical, mechanical orchemimechanical pulp produced from wood or a non-wood source, preferablya bleached or unbleached chemical pulp, produced by a known pulpingprocess, such as kraft, pre-hydrolysis kraft, soda anthraquinone (AQ),sulphite, organosolv, alkaline sulfite anthraquinone methanol (ASAM),alkaline sulfite anthraquinone (ASA), and monoethanolamine (MEA), mostpreferably a bleached dissolving pulp.

In one preferred embodiment, the solution additionally comprised of alignin or of lignin-containing pulp.

The lignin is derived from a pulping process, preferably alkali lignin,kraft lignin, soda-AQ lignin, lignosulphonate, thiolignin,organosolv-lignin, ASAM-lignin or ionic liquid-extracted lignin (ILL).

The solution of the lignocellulosic material, optionally in combinationwith lignin, dissolved in the distillable DBN-based ionic liquid, ispreferably shaped into a fibre or film by

-   -   extruding the solution through a spinning nozzle, for example a        spinneret into an air-gap,    -   shaping it as a filament or film by stretching the film or        filament while still in solution to orient the molecules, and    -   after passing through the air-gap, the fibres or film are drawn        through a water-containing spin bath, where the cellulose is        regenerated.

Preferably, the spinning solution has a zero shear viscosity between5,000 and 70,000 Pas, preferentially 30,000 Pas, at spinning conditions.

The solvent withdrawn from the solution is preferably purified by vacuumdistillation.

The cellulose fibre produced by this method has a dry tenacity of >35cN/tex and a wet-to-dry tenacity of >0.80, preferably a dry tenacity of≥40 cN/tex or even ≥45 cN/tex , and a wet-to-dry tenacity of ≥0.90.

The polysaccharides present in the lignocellulosic pulp used as rawmaterial undergo no or negligible degradation during the process.

The process causes negligible water pollution due to degradationproducts, especially negligible COD.

DBN-based ionic liquids, in particular [DBNH] carboxylates show superiorsolubility and spinnability properties. The pulp is dissolved extremelyfast at moderate temperatures with only gentle stirring. In contrast toNMMO, no water has to be evaporated from a solvent-water mixture but thepulp is dissolved directly in the ionic liquid. This accelerates thepreparation step substantially. The resulting solution shows similarviscoelastic properties as NMMO solutions, but already at lowertemperatures and is, thus, less energy consuming when processed (FIG.1). The filament stability in the fibre spinning process is excellent.High draw ratios of >10 can be accomplished. The resulting fibres aresimilar or slightly superior to commercial fibres in terms of strengthproperties (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Properties of commercial textile fibres (2) and fibres spun from[DBNH][OAc] NMMO Viscose Modal Tencell [DBNH][OAc] Titre [dtex] 1.4 1.31.3 1.9 Tenacity cond. [cN/dtex] 23.9 33.1 40.2 45.7 Elongation cond.[%] 20.1 13.5 13.0 9.2 Tenacity wet [cN/dtex] 12.5 18.4 37.5 41.9Elongation wet [%] 22.0 14.1 18.4 11.3

Table 1 shows that the fibres spun from [DBNH][OAc] show even betterstrength properties than the commercial fibres.

The following non-limiting examples illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of the Spinning Dope

5-20 wt-% pulp (preferentially 10-15 wt-%) are mixed in the neatDBN-based distillable ionic liquid [DBNH][OAc] and the suspension istransferred to a vertical kneader system (or a stirrer at smallerscale). Dissolution proceeds fast (within time periods of 0.5-3 h) atlow revolution (10 rpm) and moderate temperature (60° C.-100° C.). Theresulting solution can be filtrated by means of a pressure filtration,equipped with a metal fleece filter (fineness 5 μm absolute) and isdegassed in a heated vacuum environment. However, those two steps arenot necessarily required.

The spinning dope is then transformed in hot, liquid state to thecylinder of the piston-spinning unit. The spinning conditions aresummarized in Example 2 below. The fibres were washed and dried onlineby means of a washing bath and drying channel, respectively.

Naturally, it is also possible to transfer the spinning dope as solidpieces at room temperature to the cylinder of the piston-spinning unit.

EXAMPLE 2 Spinning of DBN-Based Dopes

Spinning dope (13 wt-% pre-hydrolysis eucalyptus kraft pulp in[DBNH][OAc]) prepared as described in Example 1 is spun through amulti-filament spinneret (18 holes, 100 μm capillary diameter) at 80° C.with an extrusion velocity of 0.8 ml/min. The take-up velocity wasvaried systematically to set different draw-ratios. Temperature of thecoagualtion bath: 14-18° C.; the washing bath 50° C., and the dryingchannel 80° C. Further parameter and the properties of the resultingfibres are given in Table 2 and FIG. 2. The filaments depicted excellentspinning stability over the whole range investigated.

TABLE 2 Spinning parameter and fiber properties (godet 1: filamentup-take after coagulation bath, godet 2: after washing bath, godets 3 +4: after drying channel). Tensile test Conditionned Spinning conditionsTiter Force Ten, godet 1 godet 2 godet 3 godet 4 draw dtex +/− cN +/−Elong. % +/− cN/tex +/− 7  8 8.2 8.2 1.45 13.85 1.61 40.86 2.64 6.581.00 29.70 2.32 10.9 11.7 12 12 2.12 9.02 0.70 34.64 2.30 8.37 1.0038.57 3.12 15   15.7 16 16 2.83 7.60 0.96 28.38 2.64 10.03 1.19 37.492.01 20.7 21.6 22 22 3.89 5.75 0.72 21.25 2.10 7.14 1.05 37.10 1.54 25.426.5 27 27 4.77 4.31 0.47 17.34 1.96 7.01 1.37 40.33 2.53 31   31.8 3232 5.65 4.28 0.75 17.20 2.00 8.54 0.69 40.76 3.96 37.1 37.8 38 38 6.723.59 0.36 14.41 1.11 8.40 1.02 40.37 2.96 43.3 43.8 44 44 7.78 2.64 0.3011.49 1.23 7.67 1.36 43.56 1.75 60   — — — 10.60 1.91 0.32 9.02 1.719.46 1.08 47.14 4.17 Tensile test Wet Titer Force Ten, dtex +/− cN +/−Elong. % +/− cN/tex +/− 13.53  0.99 29.45 2.61 10.81 2.05 21.91 2.828.88 0.87 23.47 2.49 10.64 1.49 26.46 1.81 9.09 1.37 22.45 2.49 13.471.50 24.92 2.18 5.40 0.55 16.56 1.61 11.00 1.08 30.78 2.66 4.14 0.4412.46 1.58 8.13 1.53 30.21 3.40 4.00 0.48 12.53 1.93 10.86 2.04 31.383.17 3.09 0.39 10.26 1.31 10.90 1.26 33.49 4.06 3.09 0.52 10.00 1.9811.10 1.82 32.26 2.31 1.94 0.20 7.97 0.78 12.09 0.53 41.26 4.24

EXAMPLE 3 Fibres from Lignin and Cellulose Blends

Lignin from commercial sources (Kraft Lignin) was mixed with commercialEucalyptus (pre-hydrolysis kraft, PHK) pulp in ratios up to 20:80 anddissolved in [DBNH][OAc] to yield a concentration of 13 wt-%. Thespinning temperature was adjusted such that the zero shear viscosity wasbetween 20000 and 30000 Pas. The fibre regeneration was accomplished inwater at a temperature of 10-20° C., preferably below 15° C. through anair gap with a fixed length of 10 mm.

The properties of fibres made from lignin/cellulose blends are shown inFIGS. 8 and 9.

The spinning of these dopes, according to the present invention, showsimportant advantages over NMMO and [EMIM][OAc]-based dopes. This can beseen in Table 3 below.

Table 3 shows shear rheology of the spinning dope according to thisinvention, compared with known NMMO- and [EMIM][OAc]-based spinningdopes

Temperature Viscosity η₀ ω G [° C.] [Pa s] [1/s] [Pa] [DBNH][OAc] 8021306 1.5 4100 13 wt-% NMMO 100 20000 3.0 4955 13 wt-% [EMIM][OAc] 9520262 1.9 5000 20 wt-%

The spinning temperature was chosen according to the visco-elasticproperties of the dopes. [DBNH][OAc], even though solid at roomtemperature, shows much lower viscosity than the corresponding NMMOdopes. Thus, the spinning temperature can be lowered by 20° C. or more.

FIGS. 3-6 show that fibres spun from [DBNH][OAc] show even betterstrength properties than commercial fibres.

Table 4 shows the fiber properties spun from different concentrations ofthe present spinning dope at different draw ratios.

TABLE 4 Fiber properties spun from different concentrations at differentdraw ratios. conditioned wet Pulp Titer Force Elong. Tenacity TiterForce Elong. Tenacity Draw concentration (dtex) (cN) (%) (cN/Lex) (dtex)(cN) (%) (cN/tex) 5.3 13% 3.44 ± 0.29 13.73 ± 1.18  8.83 ± 0.91 40.03 ±2.86 3.48 ± 0.34 11.38 ± 1.02 11.70 ± 0.78 32.81 ± 3.04 15% 4.27 ± 0.3119.51 ± 2.26 10.05 ± 1.37 45.62 ± 3.07 3.64 ± 0.20 16.43 ± 1.39 13.53 ±0.97 45.21 ± 3.01 17% 4.15 ± 0.46 22.34 ± 2.98 10.38 ± 1.02 53.83 ± 2.943.85 ± 0.50 17.27 ± 2.35 12.20 ± 0.76 44.99 ± 3.75 10.6 13% 1.91 ± 0.32 9.02 ± 1.71  9.46 ± 1.08 47.14 ± 4.17 1.94 ± 0.20  7.97 ± 0.78 12.09 ±0.53 41.26 ± 4.24 15% 2.25 ± 0.13 12.21 ± 0.68 10.68 ± 0.65 54.36 ± 2.091.89 ± 0.11  9.66 ± 0.79 15.45 ± 1.16 51.15 ± 3.85 17% 2.11 ± 0.35 11.64± 2.05 11.08 ± 1.69 55.22 ± 3.29 2.08 ± 0.27 10.81 ± 1.07 12.43 ± 1.1352.23 ± 3.86 14 17% 1.73 ± 0.20  9.53 ± 0.82  9.72 ± 1.24 55.45 ± 3.441.49 ± 0.17  7.22 ± 0.71 11.56 ± 0.92 48.50 ± 3.28 17.7 13% 1.21 ± 0.14 6.08 ± 0.80  8.50 ± 0.83 50.45 ± 4.75 1.18 ± 0.18  5.42 ± 0.84  9.60 ±1.13 46.35 ± 5.20 15% 1.35 ± 0.19  7.72 ± 0.65  9.6 ± 1.24 57.60 ± 3.371.09 ± 0.21  6.11 ± 1.01 10.69 ± 1.13 56.65 ± 3.71

From FIG. 7, which shows the molar mass distribution (SEC-MALLS) for thepulp, the dope and the fibre, one can conclude that basically nodepolymerization has occurred during the dissolution and fibreprocessing steps. The deviations shown are likely caused by variationsin the measurement. The very little degradation (see Table 4 below)could further be reduced by reduced dissolution temperature (85° C.).Spinning temperature was 72° C.

TABLE 4 kDa PULP DOPE FIBER Mw 240.4 216.0 207.5 Mn 72.2 76.8 74.6 PDI3.3 2.8 2.8

FIGS. 10A and 10B show draw ratio vs. fiber properties for the fibresaccording to the present invention (AALTO fiber) and NMMO fibres.

FIG. 11 shows stress-strain curves of regenerated cellulose fibres.

FIGS. 12A and 12B show the effect of pulp source on fibre properties.These matters are also shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Dope Pulp wt % Titer σ_(c) ε_(c) σ_(w) ε_(c) E Wood Process Hemipulp dtex DR cN/tex % cN/tex % GPa Fuca PHK 2.6 13 1.2 17.7 50.5 8.546.4 11.5 26.5 Birch PHK 5.6 13 1.6 12.4 52.6 10.1 46.0 11.4 19.7 SpruceAS 3.3 13 1.6 12.4 48.5 10.0 45.7 11.8 21.7 Pine Kraft 15.1 13 1.7 10.648.4 11.0 41.3 11.2 25.1

No or negligible water pollution from pulp degradation products wasobserved. The measurements could not identify any measurable COD(chemical oxygen demand) caused by carbohydrate degradation. Thus, it isassumed that the COD caused by carbohydrate degradation is less than 5kg COD/t of pulp. When using the same pulp (Eucalyptus PHK pulp), thepulp specific emissions during the viscose process (dissolution anddegradation of alkali-soluble fraction) is about 40 kg/t of pulp.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The shaped cellulose-based articles produced by the method of thisinvention can be used as textile fibres, high-end non-woven fibres,technical fibres, films for packaging with superior properties thancellophane but comparable to polyethylene films, barriers films inbatteries, membranes etc. The fibres can also be used as carbon fibreprecursors.

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

WO 03/029329 A2

DE 102005017715 A1

WO 2006/108861 A2

WO 2011/161326 A2

WO 2007/101812 A1

DE 102004031025 B3

WO 2007/128268 A2

WO 009/118262 A1

Non Patent Literature

1. Bywater, N. (2011) The global viscose fibre industry in the 21stcentury—the first 10 years. Lenzinger Ber. 89:22-29.

2. Röder, T., Moosbauer, J., Kliba, G., Schlader, S., Zuckerstätter, G.,Sixta, H. (2009) Comparative characterization of man-made regeneratedcellulose fibres. Lenzinger Ber. 87:98-105.

3. Buijtenhuijs, F. A., Abbas, M., Witteveen, A. J. (1986). Thedegradation and stabilization of cellulose dissolved inN-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO). Papier (Darmstadt) 40:615-619.

4. Rosenau, Thomas; Potthast, Antje; Sixta, Herbert; Kosma, Paul (2001)The chemistry of side reactions and byproduct formation in the systemNMMO/cellulose (Lyocell process). Progress in Polymer Science26(9):1763-1837.

5. Swatloski R. P., Spear, S. K., Holbrey, J. D., Rogers, R. D. (2002)Dissolution of Cellose with Ionic Liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc.124:4974-4975.

1.-18. (canceled)
 19. A shaped cellulose-based article, especially a fibre or film, manufactured by a method of manufacturing of a cellulose-based shaped article by subjecting a solution comprising a lignocellulosic material dissolved in a distillable ionic liquid to a spinning method, wherein the ionic liquid is a diazabicyclononene (DBN) based ionic liquid.
 20. Use of a fibre in woven or non-woven textiles, for technical purposes, or for use as carbon fibre precursors, wherein the fibre is manufactured by a method of manufacturing of a cellulose-based shaped article by subjecting a solution comprising a lignocellulosic material dissolved in a distillable ionic liquid to a spinning method, wherein the ionic liquid is a diazabicyclononene (DBN) based ionic liquid.
 21. A solution comprising a lignocellulosic material dissolved in a distillable ionic liquid, suitable for use in a method for the manufacture of a cellulose-based shaped article, such as a fibre or a film, by subjecting said solution to a spinning method, particularly an air-gap spinning, wet spinning, or dry jet wet spinning method, wherein the ionic liquid is a diazabicyclononene (DBN) based ionic liquid.
 22. The solution according to claim 21, wherein the DBN-based ionic liquid comprises a DBN-based cation and an anion imparting a high basicity, in terms of the Kamlet-Taft beta (β) parameter, said cation having a residue R, which is selected from the group of hydrogen, linear and branched alkyl, typically C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl, and C₆₋₁₈ aryl groups, which optionally are substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy and halogen.
 23. The solution according to claim 21, wherein the DBN-based ionic liquid comprises a 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium cation of the formula (I)

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear and branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl and C₆₋₁₈ aryl groups, which optionally are substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy and halogen, and an anion selected from halides, such as fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide; pseudohalides, such as cyanide, thiocyanide, and cyanate; a carboxylate, preferably formate, acetate, propionate, or butyrate; an alkyl sulphite, an alkyl sulphate, a dialkyl phosphite, a dialkyl phosphate, a dialkyl phosphonites, and a dialkyl phosphonate.
 24. The solution according to claim 21, wherein the DBN-based ionic liquid has a 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium cation of formula (I) in claim 23, where R₁ is H, and a carboxylate anion.
 25. The solution according to claim 21, wherein the DBN-based ionic liquid is [DBNH][CO₂Et] or [DBNH][OAc].
 26. The solution according to claim 21, wherein the lignocellulosic material is a chemical, mechanical or chemimechanical pulp produced from wood or a non-wood source, preferably a bleached or unbleached chemical pulp produced by a known pulping method, such as kraft, pre-hydrolysis kraft, soda AQ, sulphite, organosolv, ASAM, ASA, or MEA pulping, most preferably the lignocellulosic material is a bleached dissolving pulp
 27. The solution according to claim 21, wherein the solution further comprises a lignin, wherein the lignin preferably is derived from a pulping process, and is alkali lignin, kraft lignin, soda-AQ lignin, lignosulphonate, thiolignin, organosolv-lignin, ASAM-lignin or ionic liquid-extracted lignin (ILL). 